Which of the following best describes a chronic health risk of chromium VI exposure?

• A. Lung cancer
• B. Kidney damage
• C. Lung cancer and kidney damage
• D. Skin ulcers

Answer: (C)

Chronic exposure to hexavalent chromium carries serious long-term health risks for multiple organ systems. Inhalation of Cr(VI) compounds is a well-established cause of lung cancer, especially with prolonged exposure, making respiratory cancer a key chronic hazard. At the same time, chromium can affect the kidneys when exposure is ongoing, leading to nephrotoxicity. Because chromium exposure can impact both the lungs and the kidneys over time, the option that describes both lung cancer and kidney damage best captures the broader chronic health risks. Dermal contact can cause skin irritation or ulcers, but these are more localized effects and do not reflect the systemic, long-term risk profile as fully as the combination of lung cancer and kidney damage.