Which of the following is a chronic health effect associated with exposure?

• A. Lung cancer
• B. Kidney damage
• C. Lung cancer and kidney damage
• D. Hair loss

Answer: (C)

Chronic health effects are problems that develop after long-term exposure to hazardous substances, often taking years to appear and sometimes becoming irreversible. Different toxicants can progressively harm more than one organ over time. Lung cancer can result from prolonged inhalation of carcinogens, while kidney damage can arise from repeated exposure to nephrotoxins, leading to chronic kidney disease. Hair loss, on the other hand, is typically an acute or short-term reaction to exposure and is often reversible once exposure ends. Because long-term exposure can produce multiple chronic outcomes, the answer that includes both lung cancer and kidney damage best reflects the kinds of chronic health effects seen with exposure.